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There are records of early short-distance glider flights from the 10th and 11th centuries and possibly earlier human-carrying kites from China but practical human aviation (trips lasting more than a few seconds) began on November 21, 1783, with the first untethered human flight in a hot air balloon designed by the Montgolfier brothers. A little over a century later, on December 17, 1903, the Wright brothers flew the first successful powered, heavier-than-air flight, though their aircraft was impractical to fly for more than a short distance because of control problems. The widespread adoption of ailerons made aircraft much easier to manage, and only a decade later, at the start of World War I, heavier-than-air powered aircraft had become practical for reconnaissance, artillery spotting, and even attacks against ground positions.

Aircraft began to transport people and cargo as designs grew larger and more reliable. Initially, airships (also called dirigibles) were believed to be the most practical means of air transportation of passengers. In the 1930s, however, the Douglas DC-3 became the first airliner that was profitable carrying passengers exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger airline service. Around the same time, the Hindenburg disaster of 1937 destroyed airships' popularity (though there are periodic initiatives to revive their use). By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, and there were numerous qualified pilots available. The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet aircraft and the first liquid-fueled rockets.

After WWII, especially in North America, there was a boom in general aviation, both private and commercial, as thousands of pilots were released from military service and many inexpensive war-surplus transport and training aircraft became available. Small aircraft manufacturers such as Cessna, Piper, and Beechcraft expanded production to provide small aircraft for the new, growing market.

By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning with the de Havilland Comet, though the first widely-used passenger jet was the Boeing 707. At the same time, turboprop propulsion began to appear for smaller commuter planes, making it possible to serve small-volume routes in a much wider range of weather conditions.

Yuri Gagarin was the first human to travel to space on April 12, 1961, while Neil Armstrong was the first to set foot on the moon on July 21, 1969.

Since the 1960s, composite airframes and quieter, more efficient engines have become available, but the most important innovations have taken place in instrumentation and control. The arrival of solid-state electronics, the Global Positioning System, satellite communications, and increasingly small and powerful computers and LED displays, have dramatically changed the cockpits of airliners and, increasingly, of smaller aircraft as well. Pilots can navigate much more accurately and view terrain, obstructions, and other nearby aircraft on a map or through synthetic vision, even at night or in low visibility.

On June 21, 2004, SpaceShipOne became the first privately-funded aircraft to make a spaceflight, opening the possibility of an aviation market outside the earth's atmosphere.

 

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